white lotus rebellion

Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. During the Qing dynasty, inventions continued to emerge despite the turbulent uprisings and conflicts such as the White Lotus Rebellion, the First Opium War, and the Taiping Rebellion. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. id She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. //. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? At the . that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). Updates? [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Encyclopedia.com. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. The rebels are all our own subjects. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. "White Lotus Rebellion The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). (February 22, 2023). Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. Kublai Khan The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Szczepanski, Kallie. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. . Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Update now. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. ", McCaffrey, Cecily. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China, - the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces, - was initiated as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Buddhist sects, such as the White Lotus sect, a group that attracted many followers among the Chinese lower classes. In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. "[5] The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. (present perfect, tell). At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! [citation needed]. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself.

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